Concert of Europe, Convergence, European Union, Industrial Revolution, Globalisation essay trade, Mercantilism, globalisation essay, World Trade Organization. Other than having one world government, which I think would have a negative impact in the future, I think globalization will have a positive impact in the future, globalisation essay, if it will increase wealth, decrease poverty and allows cultures to blend without each country losing their own cultures. Another positive impact of globalization on developing countries is an increase in standard of living. The impact of globalisation essay is felt differently among individuals but the end result will be either positive or negative. Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Globalization.
The introduction
Free words Globalisation Essay: The concept of globalization is currently a popular but very controversial issue, and has been one of the most widely debated issues since communism collapsed, globalisation essay. It means different things to different people, but in most cases remain a loose and ill-defined concept. Globalization has several definitions, but an undisputable fact which everyone agrees to is the fact that it is a complex process that globalisation essay wide and varying impacts on economies, both developed and developing. Looking critically at the concept, globalization in its broadest sense can be said to be a prismatic, complex, and multidisciplinary topic.
It can be examined from several angles which includes not only economic, globalisation essay, the most common viewpoint, but also social, cultural, ideological and political ones. For those looking at it from the economic angle, it refers to the increasingly internationalized character of the emerging global economy. It means different things to different people, but the bottom-line is that these disciplinary-based viewpoints fail to take into consideration the multiplicity and complexity of change processes, globalisation essay, and therefore fail to appreciate their effects, both directly and indirectly.
This widely accepted definition shows the way in which globalization today connects the cultures and communities in one corner of the world to development occurring in another country. It is dynamic and unpredictable, although not globalisation essay disordered. Four major factors have been identified to be the globalisation essay forces pushing forward worldwide interdependence. Although it is believed in many quarters that the two major forces behind globalization are entrepreneurship and technological innovation, globalisation essay, these two alone cannot give an explanation of the process of improved economic integration, globalisation essay.
The most formidable force is the economic dimension of globalization as it is the driving force for both the social and political aspects Ibrahim Taking Africa for example, European cultures were able to find their ways into the innermost regions as a result of the colonisation of various countries which was triggered by the European industrial revolution. This then means that globalization does not hold the same benefits for all members of the global community. It holds more benefit for members of developed nations while developing nations can be said to be in a rather globalisation essay position. But looking closely at the impacts of globalisation on developing countries, one would observe both sides of the coin, in that it has both positive and negative impacts.
Globalisation has had a lot of positive effects on developing countries. For instance, it played a significant role globalisation essay the ability of some countries to achieve independence. The same thing for Nigeria, globalisation essay, Rwanda, and a whole lot of other developing countries in which occurring world events positively impacted their abilities to achieve globalisation essay. Another positive impact of globalization on developing countries is an increase in globalisation essay of living. One of the aims of globalization of economies is to reduce poverty, and this aim globalisation essay being achieved by the increased access to foreign funding from industrialized nations to developing countries, globalisation essay.
And the spending of these funds on improving the education, health, globalisation essay, social, and transport infrastructure of the developing nations aids in improving the standard of living of globalisation essay people. Thanks to globalization, developing countries now have globalisation essay to new globalisation essay. This opening allows the transnational movement of labour, foreign capital, new technology and management to developing countries from the more industrialized nations.
The only catch to this is that the bulk of these capital flows so far is strictly limited to a small number of developing countries, especially the big ones such as Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, India, Brazil, China, globalisation essay, etc. Again looking at the effect of globalisation on world trade, and indirectly on trade in globalisation essay countries, it is quite obvious that it enhances economic growth. One globalisation essay the emphasis of globalization is that member countries should open their markets to ensure open trading free of limitations. Globalisation essay this regard, liberalisation of trade would lead to the removal of all restrictions, causing unrestricted forces of demand supply to direct the movement and substitution of the factors of production, leading to efficient investment by producers Mubiru Reduction in trade restrictions in a lot of developing countries lead to the partial relocation of several manufacturers from more industrialized nations to new locations in developing countries.
This may have arisen as a result of tax exemptions or reduced tariffs offered by many developing countries in order to encourage foreign investors, or increased proximity to cheap labour and occasionally consumers. And the resultant benefits to the host developing nations are numerous. One is an increase in employment opportunities for the indigenes as there is creation of more jobs. Also, influx of foreign manufacturers may also lead to the import of new technology. And with transfer of new technology from globalisation essay countries comes more opportunities for training for local employees, globalisation essay.
This, in some cases, has lead to impaction of entire regions at a time, globalisation essay the globalisation essay to go beyond national boundaries. Taking this further, the slackening of barriers to various other products and sectors, especially agricultural products, would lead to immense gains to developing nations. In addition, globalisation leads to global competition, and in the long run, to local competition, ensuring the improvement of creative abilities and innovative capabilities. Competition between producers of commodities ensures the quality of the products and services at reduced prices, leading to specialisation and efficiency.
Other positive impacts of globalization on developing countries include better access to foreign culture and entertainment through television broadcasts, music, globalisation essay, clothing, movies, etc; increased cooperation between governments and the ability to work with better focus towards the achievement of common goals; and diffusion of knowledge and technical know-how among member countries, especially the less-privileged countries. Much has been said about improvement in technology but globalisation also improves communication as it leads to faster means of communicating and travel. As stated earlier, globalization is somewhat partial as industrialized nations benefit more from it than developing countries. One of the major negative impacts of globalization on developing countries is poverty.
Globalization has been said to increase poverty. at present, only a relatively small number of countries are enjoying these gains [of globalization]. Many millions of people globalisation essay excluded, left behind in squalor. Although the exact impact of globalization on poverty is very difficult to assess, research estimates show that poverty has increased by 82 million, 14 million, and 8 million in sub-Saharan Africa, globalisation essay, Europe and Central Asia, globalisation essay, and Latin America and the Caribbean respectively Globalization and its impact Taking a more critical look at this, globalisation essay, globalization itself cannot be held responsible for most of the poverty in developing countries as other factors such as bad governance, poor economic policies, weak reforms, etc have also implicated, globalisation essay.
But globalization is a major factor. It makes the rich countries, globalisation essay, in this case, the industrialized nations, globalisation essay become richer, and the poor nations, the developing countries, to become poorer Zygmunt Bauman in Beck Although several African economies initially benefited from globalization as there was a transient economic growth, over the years, they have become heavily dependent on the wealth of well developed nations Lawal To make this worse, agricultural growth is very feeble. And globalisation essay the s, globalisation essay, the terms of trade and the import capacities have declined sharply resulting in the reduction in the per capita income of the region Lawal Compounding the woes of several developing states is the enormous debt build up.
These and several other evidences has led to Africa, which houses a major part of world developing states, to being referred to as the most heavily indebted region globally. Considering globalisation from the health and disease angle, it has impacted seriously on globalisation essay epidemiology of infectious diseases, as regards the ability to prevent, control and eradicate these diseases, worldwide and especially in developing countries. One of the ways by which this has occurred is the enhancement of technological capacities worldwide, leading to increased emissions and a resultant global warming. This in turn leads to enhanced breeding of vectors such as mosquitoes, animal or human behaviours such as bathing in pools which may have been contaminated with the larvae of schistosomes, globalisation essay, etc Saker et al.
Over the years, large increases in international trade have encouraged the introduction of western diets to the previously natural diets of most developing countries. And in the long run, western diseases are gradually becoming prevalent in developing nations. Again, introduction of western lifestyle through globalization to the developing has led gradually loss of core values leading to increased looseness and promiscuity among the youth and adults alike, globalisation essay. Globalization has increased the vulnerability of the rural farmer in the remotest village to world events. An example is the case of coffee farmers in Uganda. But since globalization came in and the Globalisation essay Marketing Board was abolished, the farmers have been made vulnerable to changes and shocks globalisation essay the world market.
And globalisation essay developing countries to have buoyant agricultural sectors, the farmers have to be sheltered globalisation essay the full vagaries of globalisation essay world market, a task made very much impossible by globalization. Before the advent of globalization in developing countries, the main source of occupation for the active members of globalisation essay population, both men and women, globalisation essay, was agriculture. But since the influx of foreign corporations occurred, there has been a sectoral shift in the labour force as more hands are being drafted globalisation essay assembly production and fewer hands left in the fields. Another effect of globalization in this regard is a relative increase in unemployment. All these, coupled with shocks in the global economy and the act of outsourcing globalisation essay led to the laying off of thousands of workers who previously worked in the big multinational companies resulting in mass unemployment.
Prior to globalisation essay onset of globalization, there existed a little wage difference between skilled and unskilled workers in most developing nations. But since globalization came in, there is a widely accepted fact that increases in the demand of skilled labour drove the drastic increase in skill premium. Similarly, different theories have been globalisation essay for the changes in relative prices and consumption as caused by globalization. But the most widely accepted conclusion is that globalization has contributed largely to inequalities in developing nations. Better opportunities in more developed countries, globalisation essay, coupled with the possibility of easy travel, have lead to a lot of educated people being lured away from developing countries.
In addition, globalization has resulted in the loss of cultural boundaries. In this wise, it has caused the extinction of several languages in many developing nations. The way languages are going extinct is very rapid, and this has been predicted to continue unless something can be done to stop the complex process of globalization Cronin The enhanced interaction of western cultures with local cultures in the developing world has led to melting of previously existing cultural barriers so that the individuality of the local cultures begin to fade. The increase in international travel has also contributed to this as the World Health Organization estimates that approximatelyglobalisation essay, people are in airplanes at any one point in time The Guardian 28 Aprilp.
Also, the adoption of multiculturalism coupled with the melting of international barriers and easy spread of propaganda through the internet has led to youths of developing nations imbibing extremist ideas, globalisation essay, causing their being used by terrorists in suicide attacks, as is occurring in many developing nations such as Somalia, globalisation essay, Sudan, Tunisia, globalisation essay, Egypt, etc. The encouragement of free trade zones in globalisation essay countries in a bid to woo foreign investors has resulted in negative effects. In a bid to maximize profit, most of globalisation essay multinational companies prefer to refrain from creating healthier and safer working environments for their workers.
And coupled with the inability of the workers globalisation essay unionize as a result of the free trade policy, globalisation essay, the workers have to suffer in silence. Other negative impacts of globalization in developing countries include the alteration of the globalisation essay and reduction in environmental sustainability, increase in human trafficking, exploitation of cheap labour by foreign industrialists. This paper has been able to show globalization as a complex process with wide reaching impacts on developing countries, globalisation essay. Globalization on its own has a lot of gains and benefits, but due to the influence of some other factors and especially the nature and structure of most developing nations, it impacts negatively despite its advantages.
These impacts hold serious challenges for developing countries in the face of needed economic growth and development for these countries. To this end, the globalisation essay of the various nations in the developed world must understand that their major responsibilities lie in the globalisation essay of their immediate societies. It is therefore imperative that these countries formulate rational policies globalisation essay reforms that would guide liberalisation of trade and the complexities of globalization as a whole to conform to their own domestic economic agenda. Globalization itself should not be hindered. Adedeji, globalisation essay, A Indigenization of African economies, Hutchinson University Library for Africa, London.
Annan, K Globalization and its impact Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. Ibrahim, MJ Lawal, G. Mubiru, E. Ofosu V Princová, K
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Globalization has also immensely affected employment in many countries. It has brought unfair competition among nations as countries are struggling to trap labor. Countries with less stiff penalties on pollution have resorted to grabbing many employers from nations with stiff penalties on pollution. States with strict regulations on pollution set many standards for industries when it comes to the guidelines of employment requirements and standard of operations; this increases the cost and wage bill of an industry because there is an extended expense on pollution observation laws. Countries that are not creating restrictions on pollution rules take advantage of this; they entice employers with excellent packages and advertise fewer employment requirements which most potential employees see as greener pastures.
This has led to a decline in employees in countries with strict pollution laws. Tax increment among citizens of a nation is another adverse effect to be considered in the essay about globalization. The emergence of globalization has led to decrease in employment opportunities because of the increased focus of machinery by companies. The decrease in employment opportunities means that many people are rendered jobless. There is increased production of goods and services by industries to the market in which their customers are unemployed.
The nation feels the pinch because it has to feed a population that is not working and generating GDP. The government has no choice but to increase taxation of goods and services to meet their increasing financial budget. Fortunately, companies can always relocate from countries with stiffer taxation penalties to countries with favorable taxation environment. Citizens can hardly relocate from their motherland to foreign countries because of their personal life, heritage and a feeling of belonging to your own homeland. Globalization transfers the tax burden to the citizens then relocate to another country to start another vicious cycle.
It is like a contagious disease that if left uncontained continues to affect everyone around its presence. Globalization has created stiff competition among countries when it comes to demand for goods and services. Industries try to downplay this competition by reducing the marketing prices of products and services, which ideally any buyer will go for because it is cheap. This translates to a loss of currency value in a country. The currency loses meaning as it is not strong enough in the world market. Another downpour adverse effect is the lower wages for employees working industries. This is because the sectors had to trickle down the effect of reducing market prices to their employees.
Employees work tirelessly with poor wages at the end of the day. Globalization has also increased dependence rates among countries. Some countries have resorted to entirely rely on imported goods and services like foodstuffs and clothing at the expense of producing them locally. This does not augur well to a dependent nation. When a country that provides these goods and services to a dependent nation stop their supply, the dependent country plunges into a crisis. At present, other private companies are also moving towards industrial worldwide by setting up units abroad. Videocon, Onida, Godrej and B. Companies like Japan, Germany, Germany and Italy, with the help of multinational companies, are making huge profits by producing advanced items.
Many incentives and facilities were given to the overseas Indians for capital investment. Indian companies have been allowed to issue euro issues. In the direction of globalization, state-owned fertilizer company Krishak Bharatiya Cooperative Ltd. The government has granted permission to acquire and operate a phosphate fertilizer factory in Florida, USA. In this, efforts are made to minimize trade barriers globally so that goods and services can move freely and smoothly between the two nations. Developed nations prefer to invest their huge funds in developing nations for interest rate benefits so that they can get the benefit of advanced rates.
In national and international markets, an effort is made to create such an environment that all countries can take advantage of advanced technology by the free flow of information and technology between different nations. Capital is the soul of business organizations. Under globalization, there is a free flow of capital between the various contracting nations, so that the creation of capital is possible. Globalization also promotes intellectual labour and wealth, that is, it is possible to freely move the working class and personnel from one nation to another. As a result of globalization, the relaxation on the restrictions on international economic practices increases gradually, leading to a gradual increase in international trade.
The globalization results in allocation and utilization of resources all over the world based on market need and priority, which makes the underdeveloped and developing nations quick to achieve material and human resources which were not so easy in the past. The industry and trade of each country are affected by the changes taking place in other parts of the world. Modern economies are open economies and business is gaining global status. Thus we see that many multinational companies are operating in different countries. International organizations like the International Monetary Fund, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Trade Organization have been established. Liberal ideas are being replaced by conservative ideas. The standard of living has improved and the lifestyle changes are visible.
The world has been reduced in size through advanced means of communication. The thinking and way of life of the developed countries are being followed by the people of other countries. Expectations from the business are increasing. Earlier, they were satisfied with what the industry provided to the people, but now they want good quality goods at reasonable prices. Global competition has created a situation where only those commercial ventures will survive, which can produce goods and services according to the satisfaction of consumers.
People also want to see the business become socially responsive. Control of pollution by industrial units is also an area in which business has to play an important role. Thus, the globalization of business has given rise to a new type of social consciousness in the society. Technology changes are taking place in the world at a very fast pace. Industrial units are manufacturing new and better products every day. Advanced methods of telecommunications and transport have revolutionized world marketing. The consumer has now become so conscious that he wants to get the best products every day. Companies are spending a lot of money on research and development, thus rapid technology changes have created a global market for products. Modern business has become global by nature. Speciality is found in factory items, these goods are produced where there is competition for production costs.
Such items are exported to other countries, Items that cannot be produced frugally are imported from outside. A large number of multinational companies have entered India, which also uses the production facilities available in India to export goods from different countries. Thus, Indian business is influenced by global economic trends. Globalization has given rise to unequal competition. b The cost of capital for Indian enterprises is much higher than that of multinational corporations. c For four decades before , the Indian corporate sector functioned in a very protectionist environment. f In some areas, the policies of the Government of India have openly sided with multinational corporations.
Counter Guarantee has been provided for their projects in the power sector, whereas Indian entrepreneurs have not been given this facility. Recent years have seen significant, qualitative changes in the international economic environment. When industrialized countries were developing at a rapid pace, these countries were admirers of free trade, but in the last few years. Since the phase of development has slowed down here, these countries have started taking the cover of the policy of conservation. a When Indian skirts lingerie started to become very popular in the United States, the misconception was spread that these pens were made from flammable material.
b Recently, the European Union countries have imposed anti-dumping duty on Indian textile exports. c Developed countries, especially the United States, have raised the issue of Labor Standards to reduce the export of carpets originating from India. The basic assumption of globalization is that there will be no restriction on the flow of goods, services and capital in all countries. On the contrary, all countries are tying themselves into regional trade groups and trade groups to increase the capacity of export and international competition.
The establishment of these groups stops the process of free competition. It is necessary for globalization that developed countries with full determination and loyalty bring revolutionary changes in the production technologies used in developing countries. So that the benefits of globalization can be given to the developing countries and the policy of globalization can be sustainable. To be able to compete in the international market, a large amount of capital will be needed to improve the quality of goods and increase production, but there is a lack of capital in developing countries. As a result, these countries have to go to international institutions such as the World Bank and Monetary Fund to provide financial resources, which provide financial resources on inappropriate terms.
Under the globalization policy, multinational companies are entering more and more consumer sector and service sector which is not fair. Similarly, the natural consequence of opening the insurance sector to foreign companies will be that Indian savings will be even lower. In such a situation, if we accept globalization, then our economy will go to the hands of multinational companies and if we reject, India will face many problems in globalization. Indian workers believe that the installation of modern machines in the country will require fewer workers, as well as layoffs in factories and they, will be directly affected. In the context of the Indian economy, the following are some major suggestions to speed up the process of globalization:. To achieve success in the world market, the most important thing is that we should improve our competitiveness.
It is worth mentioning that the criterion of the efficiency of the company should be to consider the efficiency and productivity of the companies working at the international level and make all efforts to achieve that level. A large number of MNC s are entering India. MNC s have a relatively high financial capacity, business experience and skills. Therefore, it is in the mutual interest of MNC s and domestic companies to tie up in mutual alliances. Developing countries like India will get the benefit of globalization only when they use the latest technology. To deal with international protectionism, on the one hand, we have to increase the participation of foreigners in home appliances. Foreign subcontractors pressurize their governments against the adoption of protection policy and on the other hand, we have to develop domestic brands in foreign markets.
So that foreign buyers are eager to buy our products. Since India is an agrarian country, participation in the globalization process of the Indian economy will be futile unless agriculture and small sector contribute to this effort. a All production activities related to agriculture, which include everything from sowing seeds to the sale of agricultural produce, will have to be worn with a professional dress.
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